Airbus A350 XWB Extra Wide Body Airplanes

Airbus A350 XWB (Extra Wide Body) is a family of wide-bodied jet aircraft being developed by the European aircraft manufacturer Airbus. Airbus A350 Will be the first to the second structure of an aircraft wing made of carbon fiber reinforced polymers. Will these aircraft carry 270-350 passengers in three seating classes, Depending on the variant.


Preliminary design and final


When Boeing Announced the Boeing 787 program, said lower operating costs of these aircraft will from make it a serious threat to the Airbus A330. In a public announcement, Airbus initially rejected this claim, stating Itself That the 787 was a reaction to the A330, And that no response is required for the 787. But airlines pushed Airbus to Provide competitors, Such as Boeing has conducted 787 fuel consumption has a lower 20% of the Boeing 767. According to Bill Gunston in his book Airbus: Full History, Airbus A330 aircraft originally proposed a simple derivative, dubbed Lite Airbus A330, the which Will show better aerodynamics and engine similar to the one in 787.

The company decided to announce a version of the 2004 Farnborough Airshow, but not resume. On September 16, 2004, Airbus president and confirmed That CEONoël Forgeard That was a new project under consideration During a private meeting held with prospective customers. But Forgeard did not give the project name, and do not say whether this would be a completely new design or modification of existing products.

He pointed out Airbus That Will complete the concept of the company in late 2004, began consulting with the airline in early 2005, and AIMS to launch a new development program at the end of That year. The airlines are not satisfied, and Airbus is committed € 4 billion for New Designs That Will be called the A350. The original version of the A350 is similar to the A330 as usual shallow, transverse plane and assembly.

A new wing, horizontal stabilizer and the engine must be coupled with new composite materials and production methods are applied to the aircraft to make the all-new A350 aircraft almost. On December 10, 2004, the board of EADS and BAE Systems, the shareholders of Airbus, Airbus provides an "authorization to offer (ATO)", and Officially named it the A350.

On June 13, 2005 at the Paris Air Show, Middle East Airlines, Qatar Airwaysmengumumkan That They have ordered 60 A350 aircraft. In September 2006, the airline signed a memorandum of understanding with General Electric to launch a GEnx-1A-72 for pesawat.Emirates decided to make orders for the initial version of the A350 Because of design flaws, but since the A350 XWB orders. October 6, 2005, filled with the launch of the industry was Announced with an estimated development cost of about € 3.5 billion.

In this version of the A350 is planned to be 250 - to 300-seat double-engine wide-bodied aircraft from design adaA330. In this program, the A350 Will have modified wings and new engines, while sharing the same plane cross-section as its predecessor. As a result of the controversial design, the aircraft is Mainly composed of Al-Li, rather than carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) aircraft on the 787. It is to look into service in 2010 in two versions: the A350-800 class is Able to fly 8800 nm (16.300 km) with a capacity of 253 passengers typical three-class configuration and 300 seats (3 -) A350-900 with a range of 7500 nm (13.900 km). It is designed to be a direct competitor to the 787-9, and 777-200ER.

The Jumbo jet Boeing 747

Boeing 747, also known as the Jumbo Jet, is the second largest passenger plane today, after the A380 aircraft to operate at the end of October 2007.

This four-engine aircraft, manufactured by Boeing Commercial Airplanes, uses two deck configuration where the upper deck is used for business class. 3-class configuration (first class, business class and economy class) can accommodate 400 passengers and 1-class configuration (only economy class only) can accommodate 600 passengers.

747 can fly at high speeds (typically 0.85 Mach or 909 kilometers per hour) and capable of flying between continents (with a maximum distance of 13,570 km to 15,000 km). In 1989, Qantas fly nonstop from London to Sydney, the flight distance is as far as 18,000 km and at the finish within 20 hours and 9 minutes. But the flight did not carry passengers or cargo (aircraft empty). In May 2004, 747 in 1382, with various configurations, has been repaired or improved, making 747 one of Boeing's most successful product.


History

Boeing 747 air industry was born at the time of the 60's era of rapidly advancing. The era of commercial aircraft at the time, dijuarai by a Boeing 707 that has made a revolution in air travel distance and realize the concept of "Global Cities". At that time, Boeing was also reviewing a large aircraft to win the contract from the U.S. Army but lost to the Lockheed C-5 Galaxy. Pan Am, Boeing loyal client at the time, asked Boeing to make a large passenger aircraft, 2 times the size of the Boeing 707. Then, in 1966, Boeing issued a one-line configuration guide on passenger aircraft that will be named the Boeing 747. Pan Am ordered 25 for the series 747-100. At first, the design of this plane is a plane full of two-level or 'double decker' but because of a problem when an emergency evacuation of the aircraft, this idea was changed to a wide-bodied aircraft.

At that time, the Boeing 747 is expected to be superseded by supersonic transport. So Boeing 747 Boeing recreate that can be converted into cargo aircraft, just in case if the demand for passenger versions will drop one day and the only cargo version that survived. And the cockpit of the plane was moved to the upper deck for the muzzle plane can be made to be opened into one cargo door. At first the upper deck is used for first class and the lobby / bar but this time the deck is usually used as extra seating. With estimated sales of 400 units only, the 747 is able to withstand the criticism and in 1993 as many as 1000 aircraft successfully created.

Assembly 747 is a complicated process. This is because Boeing does not have wards plane large enough to accommodate the planes. So, this company was forced to make a single factory in Everett, Washington, where the plant became the largest plant ever built. Pratt and Whitney also at that time to wake a large turbofan engine, JT9D, for the Boeing 747. So, for safety and the ability to fly, made with 4 Boeing 747 hydraulic system for emergencies, a separate control surfaces, various kinds of 'stuctural redundancy' and 'flaps' which allow complex 747 is used on regular basis.

At first, many airline companies are skeptical about the Boeing 747. At that time, competitor Boeing, McDonnell Douglas and Lockheed, were making wide-bodied aircraft with three engines called 'trijet', which is smaller than 747. In fact, most airlines feel that 747 is too large for long-haul flights and with that they invest in projects 'trijet'. There are also doubts about the ability of 747 to operate with airport infrastructure at the time.

Another issue raised by companies is the use of aviation fuel. This is because the use of aircraft fuel 'trijet' lower than the four-jet aircraft and airlines certainly more likely to choose low-cost fuel. These issues have plagued Boeing in 1970.

However, Boeing has promised to deliver 747 to Pan Am, in a period of approximately four years, Boeing needs to build and test the plane. Within this short period, the development process to make those involved in this project work in a very stressful situation and they are referred to as 'The Incredibles'. Higher costs for aircraft development and infrastructure building in Everett is a gamble for Boeing and the success of this company depends on the success of 747. Boeing is almost gone bankrupt in 1970. However, Boeing won this gamble and eventually monopolize the transport of wide-bodied Boeing for 35 years. The arrival of the Airbus A380 Boeing broke the record.

Variation

747 made with several series to meet the client's will.

747-100

The first model 747 is the 747 series 100 (747-100), was inaugurated in Everett on September 2, 1968. 747-100 commenced operations on January 1, 1970 with the first client of Pan American World Airways. 747-100B and replace the 747-100, with a fuselage that is more robust and powerful set of tires that kebih. There are also 747-100SR series that can accommodate 550 passengers and used for domestic flights in Japan. Series 100 is capable of flying as far as 7200 km with a full load.

747-100 upper deck, usually have 3 windows, distinguish this aircraft with other aircraft. At first, the upper deck is used as a lounge, but the airlines then use the upper deck to the passenger seat.

747-200

Introduced in 1971, the 747-200 has higher power and is capable of flying with a heavier load, when compared with the series 100, and therefore the 747-200 can fly farther. 747-200 can be distinguished by the series 100 with a number of top-level window that is as many as 10 windows, while the 100 series has 3. The variation of the last 200 Series, 200B, built in the late 1980s, capable of flying 10,800 km with a full load.

Series 747-200C and 200F are made to the aircraft cargo. 747-200F cargo plane is completely, 747-200C is a series that can be exchanged into the aircraft cargo or passenger aircraft. Series combined passenger and cargo planes deployed aircraft combo. Unlike the series 100 Indeed, most 200 cargo plane made.

747SP

747SP or 'Special Performance,' was introduced in 1976. This series is issued to rival the Douglas DC-10 and Lockheed L-1011 TriStar and because Boeing did not have a simple size wide-body aircraft to compete with the DC-10 and Tristar. Construction costs are high 747 and 737 at the end of 1960 led to Boeing was not able to create new aircraft models 747 and therefore shortened and redesigned so that the speed and maximum distance adjusted to their capacities. SP series, with 3-class configuration, capable of carrying 220 passengers and fly as far as 10,500 km with a speed of 980 km / hour.

747SP is the only aircraft capable of flying with the furthest distance, until launch Airbus A340. Flight of using this model include American Airlines, Pan Am, and Qantas, because the ability of this series to fly across the Pacific Ocean meet these airlines to fly to Tokyo. South African Airways 747SP was also used to route the flight from Johannesburg to London, when the apartheid regime in power, the airline is not allowed to fly across other African countries and led to South African Airways is struggling, and SP is the solution.

Despite having a special ability, SP sales not as expected, where only 45 pieces were sold, which mostly operate for a flight in the Middle East and Africa. One airline that is still used to carry passengers SP general is Iran Air and Syrian Air. Several Gulf Arab states, such as Bahrain and Saudi Arabia are also still use the SP for VIP flights.

One of the special modifications 747SP is astronomical observer Sofia carrying an infrared telescope with a diameter of 2.5 meters. Before modification, the aircraft operated by Pan Am and named "Clipper Lindbergh", and also briefly operated the aircraft for the airline United Airlines.

747-300

At first, model 747-300 aircraft is planned to be 'trijet' version of the 747SP. But because demand is lacking, the plan was forgotten.

What then happens, 747-300 become a new model for Boeing and was introduced in 1980. 747-300 is the first model 747 with the upper deck enlarged to increase capacity.


747-400

747-400 is the latest model Boeing 747, and the only series made to date. Between the real change is the extension of the wing as much as 2 meters and the addition of 'winglet' / tapering at the tip of the wing almost 2 meters. 747-400 entered the market in 1989 with Northwest Airlines' first client.

400 series made entirely in the form of passengers, 'combo' (747-400m) and cargo (747-400F). Domestic series for the Japanese market that is 747-400D, is the highest capacity passenger aircraft in the world, until the emergence of the A380, and 747-400D can be exchanged into long-distance aircraft when needed.

747-400ER is capable of flying 400 series with the furthest distance in the model 747. 747-400ER also comes in the form of full cargo namely 747-400ERF. One plan currently being prepared for new models namely 747-400XQLR, now converted into 747 Advanced, which is able to fly longer distances.

747 cargo plane Dreamlifter

Boeing announced in October 2003 that the components for 7E7/787, are made throughout the world, will be flown to Everett, Washington to be combined. To transport these components, the Boeing 747-400 to make modifications to the aircraft cargo.

Delivery time can be shortened to 30 days using a single 747. This is quite important because the wing 787 made in 747 Large Cargo Freighter Jepang.Boeing has produced as many as 4 pieces.


747X

747X is a plan to make the 747 series by adding a large upper deck, just like the 757-500. But this plan was rejected after 747Adv development in the process.

Advanced 747

Boeing is now making an effort together with the company pernerbangan to create a new series 747, Boeing 747 Advanced which will use the same cockpit and engine with 7E7/787. 747 was made to fly with less noise, more economical and environmentally friendly. 747 Advanced capacity of 500 passengers with 3-class configuration and can fly as far as 18,816 km with a speed of Mach 0.86.

Boeing 747-8

The Boeing 747-8 is the change of model Boeing 747 Advanced which failed to be created by perusaahan Boeing.Tipe this is the longest aircraft in the world, with more than 76 meters long. The design follows the design of aircraft Boeing 787. Boeing 747-8 was first flown on February 8, 2010 with a cargo version. Later, the Boeing 747-8 passenger version first flight on February 11, 2011. Boeing 747-8 passenger can carry 465 passengers, 15 passengers more than the previous version, the Boeing 747-400. The Boeing 747-8 is also intended to rival the Airbus A380. Boeing 747-8 also has a change, which is located on the wings and engines. The purpose of the wing 747 has changed as to minimize air friction and provide a more robust performance. Boeing's 747-8 uses General Electric engines 2B 67 Next Generation version of a more efficient use of materials bakar.Boeing dakam 747-8 also called intercontinental aircraft, because Boeing version was able to fly from America to Japan, crossed the Atlantic Ocean nonstop.

Airbus the commercial aircraft

Airbus S.A.S. is the commercial aircraft manufacturer based in Toulouse, France. The company was founded in 2001 under French law as a joint stock company that watered down or "SAS" (Société par Actions Simplifiée).

Airbus is jointly held by EADS (80%) and BAE Systems (20%), the two largest military suppliers and manufacturers. Also known first name of Airbus Industrie, or Airbus.

Airbus employs around 40,000 people in several European countries. Final assembly is carried out in Toulouse, France and Hamburg, Germany, although the construction carried out in several factories in Europe.

History

Airbus Industrie began as a consortium of European aviation firms to compete with American companies like Boeing and McDonnell Douglas. Formed in 1970 after the agreement between Aerospatiale (France) and Deutsche Aerospace (Germany) (followed by CASA (Spain) in 1971) to develop the Airbus A300, which first flew in 1972.

In 1979 British Aerospace (now BAE SYSTEMS) joined with Airbus. With 38% of shares respectively held by Germany and France, 20% held by Britain and Spain holds 4%.

At first a loose alliance but this changed in 2000 when DASA, and CASA to form EADS join and 2001 when BAE and EADS formed the Airbus Integrated Company to develop the A380, which is a plane with 555 passengers and the largest aircraft in the world's largest commercial at the start operate in 2006. The A380 was launched on January 18, 2005.

Airbus A380

when the first plane built and flown the aircraft continues to be made mengangkasa size bigger. in 1950 Boeing 707 that produces large. then in 1970, Boeing launched the Boeing 747 manufacturing and larger again. In 2006, the aircraft giant "A380" new Flying .

A380 has four engines rolls-Royce Trent 900 provides 36,280 pounds of thrust or four turbofan egine alliance Gp 7200, with 37,003 kg of thrust.

The A380 has the standard version of the 854 seats for passengers, while the A380-900 has 1000 seats for passengers. above this plane there are shopping center, children's playground, and other facilities.

Airbus A340 Commercial Passengers Airplanes

Airbus A340 is a large commercial passenger aircraft manufactured by Airbus. It has a design similar to the type Airbus A330 but the A340 uses four engines are not just two like the A330. Intended to replace the previous generation aircraft like the Boeing 747 but this latest variants now compete with the Boeing 777. More than 370 A340 operated worldwide in September 2010.

Development

The first study published on the A340 which has the code 1981 TA11, which is shown in the magazine Air International edition in November (along with the appearance of the A300 in the same year at the Farnborough Airshow.) Image concept of A320 (SA 9) and A330 (TA9) also published, along with performance estimates made by Airbus Industrie. Airbus A340 last sent to Iberia in 2010.

A340 was launched in June 1987 as a complement to long-haul flights from short-haul aircraft A320 and A300 medium-range. At that time, a twin-engine Airbus aircraft have a weakness compared to aircraft such as Boeing 747 ETOPS problem which is defined as a rule: a twin-engine aircraft should remain at the farthest distance of 60 minutes daribandara alternative, which prevent them from competing in long distance flights over water. Furthermore, wide-bodied aircraft ETOPS qualified berpenumpang 250-300 seats, peaswat engined three DC-10 and L-1011, is aging, because it was entering the ministry since the early 1970s.

A340 is designed in parallel with the A330 twin-engine aircraft: two planes have the same wing and similar aircraft hull structure, and borrow almost keseliruhan avionics technology and composite structures developed for the A320. A330 and A340 are assembled together in the center of final assembly at Toulouse-Blagnac, France.

A340 is expected to use the new superfan engines made by International Aero Engines, but the development of the machine is stopped. Engine house of the superfan engine has enough space that allows the laying of a large fan at the rear of the machine. As a result of the superfan cancellation by IAE, CFM International CFM56-5C4 engine used as the sole option than to choose another alternative machines. A longer version, the A340-500 and -600, powered by Rolls-Royce Trent 500.

When the A340 make its debut in 1991, warned that the wings are not mechanically strong enough to carry the machine beyond the cruising speed tanpamembengkok and vibrate. To overcome this, a buffer under the wing of the so-called Plastron developed to fix airflow problems around the engine mountings and to add flexibility. A340 modification begin commercial service in 1993 with Lufthansa and Air France

In the 1990s, when airlines began looking for a replacement aircraft for the flight back to the 1970s made 747-100/200, Airbus studied extension of the framework to make the A340-400, which is planned over 70m long. This has become unpopular because of CFM56 engines limit the capability of growth and mileage will be reduced to 10,000 km (5399.6 nmi). When this plan was canceled, a larger wing and new engines decided kembinasi made. Initially, Pratt & Whitney to provide a proposal for a new machine, but the problem of contract makes Airbus chose Rolls-Royce Trent in 1997.

A340 flight control system is equipped with fly-by-wire digital. The aircraft also use the joystick dariapda side using the front wheel, with one stick on the left side and stick the other pilot on the right side of the co-pilot. A340 flight instruments are very similar to those owned by A320, and hiring pilots with the same rating with the A330. this allows the crew to fly the A320 A330/A340 flight and vice versa with minimal additional training. This saves costs for airlines that operate both types of aircraft. The cockpit uses a digital cockpit system using CRT display for aircraft A340-200 and A340-300 and now using screen liquid crystal display (LCD). some major structural composites are also used.

A340 is also the first commercial aircraft that allows passengers to use cell phones during flights. In March 2008 Emirates introduced a system that allows passengers to make calls using their cell phone. But they can not receive calls and the system is not available when the flight prophecy and during takeoff and landing.


Operational History

A340-300 entered service in 1993 with the first user is Lufthansa and Air France, followed soon thereafter by a version of the -200 and A330. With the introduction of a heavier aircraft Boeing 777, like 777-200ER and 777-300ER in particular, sales of the A340 begins to decline. In recent years the sale of 777 A340 has been defeated with a big difference. Although the GE90 engines larger 777-300ER uses far more fuel than the Trent 500, but by using only two compared to four Trent engine means providing between 8-9% cost savings.

In January 2006, Airbus announced plans to develop A340E unruk (Enhanced / Additional). Airbus states that A340E is more fuel efficient than the A340 and close early versions 8-9% difference with the Boeing 777 with Trent 1500 engines.
Airbus expects to produce 127 units A340 until the year 2016, and after that production will be stopped.

In mid 2008, with the increase in jet fuel prices doubled from a year earlier, the high consumption of fuel made the airline to stop flights A340 so far that has a travel time of more than 15 hours. Thai Airways International to cancel flights 17 hours non-stop from Bangkok to New York / JFK on July 1, 2008. All A340-500 aircraft eventually sold. When the flight distance dently gives the load on the plane rather than long-haul flights, and spend more fuel to take off and landing are more frequent, very long haul flights to make the aircraft should be fully charged with fuel, which means that, during the plane trip much material fuel to carry fuel, a "flying tanker with a few passengers in it" said the chief executive of Air France-KLM Pierre-Henri Gourgeon told the Wall Street Journal.

When Thai Airways to consistently fill 80% seats in NYC-Bangkok flight, it is estimated that the price of fuel in 2008, it takes 120% of seats filled to break even, where rights are not possible.

Other airlines also oversee re-distance flights. In August 2008, Cathay Pacific told the Wall Street Journal that the increase in fuel prices is very disturbing long-distance flights, and will reduce the number of such flights and offers as well as lowering the aircraft in flight with the shorter distances such as between Hong Kong and Australia. "We would ... reshape our network to ensure we fly aircraft to where it can cover operational costs and also provide benefits," said Cathay Pacific CEO Tony Tyler told the newspaper.

Variants

There are currently four variants of the A340. and A340-200 and A340-300 was launched in 1987 and began service in March 1993. A340-500 and A340-600 was launched in 1997 and began to enter airline service in 2002. All these variants are also available in the corporate version of the Executive and Private Aviation Airbus.

A340-200

One of two early versions of the A340, A340-200, with 261 passengers in three-class cabin look with the distance 7.450 nautical miles (13797.4 km), or with 240 passengers in three class configuration with a distance of 8.000 nautical miles (14 816 , 0 km) This is the shortest version of the aircraft and the only version with a wingspan greater than the length of the aircraft. The aircraft is powered by four CFMI CFM56-5C4 engines. This aircraft drencanakan to open lines long and thin, especially if passing the open sea. Closest competitor from Boeing for this aircraft was a Boeing 767-400.

One version of this type (called by Airbus as A340-8000) ordered by the Sultan of Brunei who want a flight distance as far as 8.000 nautical miles (14816.0 km). A340-8000 has a capacity of more fuel, with a maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) of 275 tonnes is equivalent to A340-300, and little change in the bottom. Once completed, obtain the maximum mileage as far as 8.100 nautical miles (15001.2 km). The aircraft is powered by 34,000 lbf-powered machine called CFMI CFM56-5C4-300E equivalent. Only one A340-8000 manufactured by Airbus A340-213X code (msn 204). The aircraft was delivered to the airline based in Brunei Sultan in November 1998, but never entered the ministry and neglected in the Lufthansa Technik in Hamburg. The aircraft was later bought by Saudi Arabian VIP in February 2007 as an additional wide-body fleet, according to flight data center Acas.

A340-200 aircraft other then given a performance that helped the development package has the ability equivalent to the A340-8000. The aircraft are labeled A340-213X. This version of the mileage reaches 8.000 NM (14.820 km).

Due to the large wingspan, four engines, low capacity, and the version of the A340-300, -200 version becomes difficult to accept and does not popular with major airlines. Only 28 A340-200, produced by some to be a VIP aircraft. South African Airways is the largest operator with 6 aircraft generally fly the route Cape Town. Another operator is Aerolíneas Argentinas (4), Royal Jordanian (4), Egypt Air (3) and Conviasa (1).

Some A340-200 is used for military or VIP keperluar. Examples used by the Royal Brunei Airlines, Qatar Amiri Flight, the Government of Egypt, the Air Force Saudi Arabia, Jordan and the French Air Force. The airline that once operated this aircraft is Cathay Pacific, Philippine Airlines, and Air Bourbon, along with other airlines. This version now has been discontinued.


A340-300

A340-300 flies 295 passengers in three-class cabin configuration with the distance as far as 6.700 nautical miles (12408.4 km). This aircraft is an early version, began flying on October 25, 1991, and entered airline service with Lufthansa and Air France in March 1993. The aircraft is powered by four CFMI CFM56-5C engines, equivalent to the version of 200s. The closest competitor is the Boeing 777-200ER.

A340-300E, often incorrectly referred to as A340-300x, have an increased MTOW of up to 275 tonnes and powered by a more powerful engine (34,000 lbf) CFMI CFM56-5C4. Range with 295 passengers was between 7.200 nautical miles (13334.4 km) up to 7.400 nautical miles (13704.8 km). Lufthansa's biggest operator with 30 aircraft. The aircraft was first delivered to Singapore Airlines in April 1996, but Singapore Airlines had not operate this model. Two A340-300 bought by the German Luftwaffe Flugbereitschaft from VIP transport to serve the German government leaders and the President of Germany. The aircraft will enter service in 2011.

A340-300 Enhanced is the latest version of this type and was first delivered in 2003 to South African Airways. The aircraft is using the latest engine CFM56-5C4 / P and avionics and fly-by-wire newly developed for A340-500/-600.

A340-300 already tidah produced again with the last of 218 aircraft A340-300 sent to a private airline from the island of Cayman Island named Klaret Aviation in September 2008, with the latest airline to receive this is a Finnair plane in July 2008. A340-300 will be followed by the A350-900

A340-500

A340-500 was introduced as a commercial passenger plane to reach the furthest distance in the world. This aircraft first flew on February 11, 2002, and certified on December 3, 2002 with initial pegiriman to the Emirates. If the KC-10 Extender is a production aircraft with the farthest range, the A340-500 is a commercial plane with the farthest range until the introduction of Boeing 777-200LR in February 2006. A340-500 can fly 313 passengers in three-class cabin configuration as far as 8.650 nautical miles (16019.8 km), the aircraft is capable of flying non-stop from London to Perth, while flights in the opposite direction requires extra rest because of wind resistance.

Singapore Airlines, for example, initially using two-class configuration, 181-passenger flight to Newark-Singapore nonstop route, SQ 21: 18-hour travel time, 45-minutes to the west (actually to the north to save a distance of 70 nautical miles ( 129.6 km) through the north pole, then move to the south across Russia, Mongolia and China), and 18-hour, 30-minute eastward, with the distance 8.285 nautical miles (15343.8 km), which until now into the flight the world's longest scheduled commercial.

At the end of June 2008, Singapore Airlines completed the conversion of five A340-500 into a single business class configuration, with 100 seats, karen market demand. The aircraft is also used to route nonstop flights Los Angeles-Singapore SQ. Thai Airways International to use this model for nonstop flights from Bangkok to Los Angeles and New York / JFK, but stop service to New York on July 1, 2008 due to increased fuel prices. U.S. aviation magazine reported in late January 2010 that the Thai consider to reopen the route Bangkok-New York / JFK with a fleet of A340-500nya.

Route Los Angeles-Bangkok Thai is still in service. Armadac airlines in the form of four A340-500 would actually be sold, but due to low prices led to Thais pulled from the market in October 2008. Thai now use these aircraft for European lines thinner, such as Bangkok-Athens, However may sell them after receiving a reasonable price. Each aircraft is worth U.S. $ 180 million. A large airline flight to the Thai bid for each U.S. $ 50 million for a fleet of A340-500nya, who later rejected. Etihad Airways is the latest new user.

In the first A340-500 deliveries between airlines, TAM Airlines has hired two planes of Air Canada for use in São Paulo-Milan route. The aircraft will be moved to a new TAM route between São Paulo and Johannesburg apda financial year 2010. In addition, Nigerian airline Arik Air has purchased three A340-500 of Kingfisher Airlines. Kingfisher cancel one of five A340-500 aircraft orders in November 2009. In total there are 37 A340-500 which has been ordered by seven airlines, of which 6 diantarangan in VIP configuration for government service (including Qatar and Algeria) and private owners, with 31 deliveries in June 2010.

Compared with the A340-300, -500 version has a 4.3 meter longer hull, a larger wing area, significantly increase the fuel capacity (around 50% over -300), slightly higher cruising speed, larger rear wing and vertical tail smaller. A340-500/-600 has taxi cameras to help the pilot while maneuvering on land. A340-500 turbofan engine powered by four Rolls-Royce Trent 553-powered 53 000 lbf.

A340-500HGW Version (English:''High Gross Weight / Weight empty large) has a mileage 9.000 nautical miles (16668.0 km) and MTOW of 380 tonnes and first flight on October 13, 2006. The aircraft uses a reinforced structure and increased fuel capacity in the A340-600HGW. Shipping inaugural flight will be given to Thai Airways International, on 11 April 2007 Kingfisher Airlines plans to use this type of aircraft to operate nonstop flights from India to North America. However, in October 2008, Kingfisher divert shipments of three of the five positions to Arik Air of Nigeria, due to global recession. Arik Air received three A340-500 in November 2008, and put the aircraft for the new route London Heathrow-Lagos and Lagos-Johannesburg route, with a nonstop flight to New York that ditambahnkan in January 2010. Atlanta, Miami and Houston are planned to be added later-500HGW A340 four-engine turbofan powered Rolls-Royce Trent 556 to power 56,000 lbf. Emirates is the largest operator with 10 aircraft.

Comparable Boeing 777-200LR is, which entered service in February 2006, through the A340-500 as a commercial passenger plane with the farthest distance, but the Boeing 777-200LR is plagued with ETOPS regulations.

A340-600

Designed as a substitute for early generation Boeing 747, A340-600 flies 380 passengers in three-class cabin configuration (419 in 2 classes) as far as 7.500 nautical miles (13890.0 km). This aircraft provides similar passenger capacity to 747 manun with a cargo of 25% larger, and lower travel costs for each seat. A340-600 maiden flight performed on April 23, 2001. Virgin Atlantic mwmulai commercial service in August 2002.

A340-600 is approximately 10 m longer than the -300, empta meters longer than the Boeing 747-400 and 2.3 meters longer than the A380. This aircraft became the longest commercial passenger aircraft until February 2010 with the inaugural flight of the Boeing 747-8. A340-600 turbofan engine powered by four Rolls-Royce Trent 556-powered 56 000 lbf with Honeywell APU 331-600 [A] The aircraft also has tmbahan four rear wheels in the middle of the hull planes to be able to cope with increased MTOW. Airbus aircraft cabin empty upper floors to provide additional facilities such optional crew rest area, kitchen and toilet on the ground floor plane.

In April 2007, The Times reported that Airbus had advised carriers to reduce cargo at the front of the plane by 5 tonnes to cope with excess weight in first and business class sections. The addition of weight causes the aircraft center of gravity moves forward and reduces the efficiency of flight mileage. Airlines that are affected by these suggestions are considering demanding compensation from Airbus.

Version of the A340-600HGW (High Gross Weight / English: Gross Large) first flight on 18 November 2005 and certified on April 14 this 2006.Pesawat MTOW of 380 tonnes with the distance reaches 7.900 nautical miles (14630.8 km), which may be due to the strengthening of the structure, additional fuel capacity, more powerful engine and new manufacturing techniques such as laser welding. A340-600HGW turbofan engine powered by four Rolls-Royce Trent 560-powered 60 000 lbf.

Version of the A340-600HGW (High Gross Weight / English: Gross Large) first flight on 18 November 2005 and certified on April 14, 2006. This aircraft has a MTOW of 380 tonnes with the distance reaches 7.900 nautical miles (14630.8 km), which may be due to the strengthening of the structure, additional fuel capacity, more powerful engine and new manufacturing techniques such as laser welding. A340-600HGW turbofan engine powered by four Rolls-Royce Trent 560-powered 60 000 lbf.

Emirates became the first user-600HGW version when ordering 18 planes at Paris Air Show 2003; but then postponed and eventually canceled the order. Rivals, Qatar Airways, which place an order on the same aerospace exhibition, only received four aircraft with first flight on 11 September 2006. This happened because they let their options orders expired.

The aircraft made by Boeing of the most equivalent to A340-600 aircraft is a 777-300ER.A340-600 will soon be replaced by A350-1000, which also will compete with the 777-300ER.

In March 2010 a British aviation magazine reported that Virgin Atlantic Airways has changed the orders six A340-600 aircraft left in the Airbus A330 for the route development. (This article does not state whether the version of the -200 or -300 is selected, however mentioned as a possible destination Vancouver and mentioned that the plane will have the latest-generation entertainment system.) The article states that Airbus has changed six A330 orders to make no more orders A340-600 are left. This makes the magazine speculates that the A350 has been closed making production line A340.

Raptor F 22 The Greatest Fighter Jet Aircraft

F-22 Raptor is a stealth fighter made by the United States. It was originally envisioned as air superiority fighter for use against Soviet aircraft, but the aircraft is equipped for ground attack, electronic warfare and signals intelligence. This aircraft through a long development period, prototype version was named YF-22, three years before it was officially adopted was named F/A-22, and eventually was named the F-22A when it officially came into use in December 2005. Lockheed Martin Aeronautics is the prime contractor is responsible for the majority of the airframe, weapons, and assembling the F-22. Then his partner, Boeing Integrated Defense Systems provides the wings, avionics equipment, and pilot and maintenance training.

History

Advanced Tactical Fighter (ATF) is a contract for the demonstration and validation program by the United States Air Force to develop a new generation air superiority fighter to deal with threats from outside the United States, including the development of class aircraft Su-27 Soviet era.

In 1981, the United States Air Force to map the requirements to be fulfilled a new fighter aircraft that is planned to replace the F-15 Eagle. ATF planned to integrate modern technology such as advanced metal and composite materials, sophisticated control systems, high-powered propulsion systems, and stealth aircraft technology.

Proposals for the contract was filed in 1986, by two contractor teams, the Lockheed-Boeing-General Dynamics and Northrop-McDonnell Douglas, who was elected in October 1986 for the demonstration and validation phase for 50 months, which eventually produced two prototypes, the YF -22 and the YF-23.

The aircraft is planned to be the most advanced U.S. aircraft at the beginning of the 21st century, therefore, this plane is the most expensive fighter aircraft, with a price of U.S. $ 120 million per unit, or U.S. $ 361 million per unit when it is added to the cost of development. In April 2005, the total development cost of this program is U.S. $ 70 billion, causing the number of aircraft planned to be made down to 438, then 381 and now 180, from the initial plan of 750 aircraft. One of the factors causing this reduction is due to the F-35 Lightning II will have the same technology with the F-22, but with a cheaper unit price.

YF-22 'Lightning II'

YF-22 is a plane development is the basis for the manufacture of F-22 production version. However, there are some significant differences between the two, which changes the position of the cockpit, structural changes, and many other small changes. Both aircraft are often mixed up in the photographs, usually at the point of view that is difficult to see certain features. YF-22 Lighting II are given nicknames by Lockheed, this name lasted until the mid-1990s. For some time, this plane also was given the nickname SuperStar and Rapier. But the F-35 and then officially received the name of Lighting II on July 7, 2006.

YF-22 ATF awarded after winning a competition to fly to beat Northrop YF-23 made by McDonnell-Douglas. In April 2002, at the time of testing, the first YF-22 prototype crashed while landing at Edwards Air Force Base in California. The test pilot, Tom Morgenfeld, was not hurt. The cause of this fall is a fault in the software.

Production

F-22 production version first sent to Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada, on January 14, 2003. Testing and final evaluation conducted on October 27, 2004. In late 2004, already there are 51 Raptor is sent, with 22 more booked in the 2004 fiscal budget. The destruction of the first production version occurred on December 20, 2004 at the time of takeoff, the pilots eject safely after a few moments before it crashed. Investigating this fall concluded that interruption of power when turned off the engine before take-off causing damage to the controversial system

Change of name

Production version of the aircraft is named the F-22 Raptor when it was first raised on April 9, 1997 at Lockheed-Georgia Co.., Marietta, Georgia.

In September 2002, the United States Air Force officials to change the name of the F/A-22 Raptor. The naming of this, which is similar to the naming of F/A-18 Hornet U.S. Navy, aims to promote the image of Raptor fighter aircraft as well as ground attack aircraft, due to the debate that occurred in the U.S. government about the importance of air superiority fighter that is very expensive. The name is then returned again to the F-22 alone on December 12, 2005, and then on December 15, 2005 F-22A officially began to be used.

Purchase

United States Air Force originally planned to order 750 ATF, with production starting in 1994. In 1990 Major Aircraft Review to change the plan to 648 aircraft beginning in 1996. The ultimate goal changed again in 1994, to 442 aircraft entered the life in 2003 or 2004. Report Ministry of Defence in 1997 to change the purchase to 339. In 2003, the Air Force said that the existing congressional funding restrictions now limit the purchase to 277. In 2006, the Pentagon said it would buy 183 aircraft, which will save $ 15 billion but would increase funding per aircraft. This plan has been approved by the de facto of Congress in the form of purchase plan several years, which is still open opportunities for new orders past that point. Lockheed Martin has said that in FY (Fiscal Year / FY) 2009 they already have to know whether more planes would be purchased, for ordering the goods of long-lead.

In April 2006, the cost of the F-22A estimated by the Government Accountability Office to be $ 361 million per plane. These costs reflect the total cost of the program F-22A total program cost, divided by the number of jets to be purchased by the Air Force. So far, the Air Force has invested as much as $ 28 billion in research, development, and experiments Raptor. That money, referred to as a "sunk cost," has been spent and is separate from money used for future decision making, including the purchase of coffee from the jet.

When all 183 jets have been purchased, $ 34 billion will be spent to purchase these aircraft really are. This will result in cost about $ 339 million per aircraft based on the total cost of the program. The increase in the cost of one additional F-22 is about $ 120 million. If the Air Force would buy 100 additional F-22 today, each plane would cost less than $ 117 million and will continue to fall with additional aircraft purchases.

F-22 is not the most expensive aircraft ever; peculiarity seemed to die on the B-2 Spirit, which is roughly worth $ 2.2 billion per unit, although the cost increases below 1 billion U.S. dollars. For more fair, booking B-2 went from hundreds to a few dozen when the Cold War ended, so the price per unit soar. F-22 uses fewer radar absorbent materials than the B-2 or F-117 Nighthawk, with the hope that treatment costs will be lower.

Characteristic

Movement

Dual turbofan engines Pratt & Whitney F119-PW-100 F-22 has a thrust steering capability. Steering can adjust the rotation axis pitch to about 20 °. Maximum thrust of this engine is still kept secret, but estimated about 35,000 lbf (156 kN) per turbofan. The maximum speed the aircraft is estimated at Mach 1.2 when the supercruise without external weapons. With the afterburner, according to Lockheed Martin, the speed is "more than Mach 2.0" (2120 km / h).

F-22 also can maneuver very well in supersonic and subsonic speeds. The use of steering thrust makes a sharp turn, and perform extreme maneuvers such as Herbst Maneuver, Cobra Pugachev, [10] and Kulbit. F-22 also can maintain a constant attack angle greater than 60 °. Altitude flying also affect the attack. In a military exercise in Alaska in June 2006, F-22 pilots said that the ability to fly at higher altitudes than other aircraft is one of the determinants of the F-22 victory in the practice.

Avionics

F-22 uses AN/APG-77 AESA radar designed for the operation of air superiority and ground attack, which is difficult to detect aircraft opponent, using an active aperture, and can track several targets simultaneously in any weather. AN/APG-77 change frequency 1,000 times every second, making it also very difficult to track. This radar can also focus the emission of the sensor opponent, making the plane to crash opponent.

Information on this radar is processed by two Raytheon processors, each of which can perform 10.5 billion operations per second, and has 300 megabytes of memory. The software on the F-22 consists of 1.7 million lines of code, most of which are captured radar data processing. These radars have a range of about 125-150 miles, and is planned to be updated with a maximum distance of 250 miles.

F-22 has several unique functions for an aircraft its size. Among other things, this aircraft has the capability of detection and identification of an enemy that is almost equivalent to the RC-135 Rivet Joint.Kemampuan "mini-AWACS" This makes the F-22 is very useful on the front lines. This aircraft could indicate targets for the F-15 and F-16, and even to know what the plane was to target his plane, so it could make for his plane did not pursue the same target.

Bus data used aircraft, named MIL-STD-1394b, which is designed specifically for the F-22. Bus system was developed from the commercial system FireWire (IEEE-1394), which was created by Apple and is often found on an Apple Macintosh. Data bus system will also be used on fighter aircraft F-35 Lightning.

Weaponry

F-22 is designed to carry air-to-air missiles are stored internally in the fuselage so as not to interfere with the ability silumannya. Missile launch was preceded by a valve open arms and missiles driven down by the hydraulic system. This aircraft can also carry bombs such as Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM) and Small-Diameter Bomb (SDB) is more recent. In addition to internal storage, this aircraft can also carry weapons on four external point, but if it is used will greatly reduce the ability of stealth, speed, and agility. For backup guns, F-22s carry M61A2 Vulcan automatic cannon 20 mm stored in the right side of the plane, was carrying 480 cannon rounds, and will be discharged if fired continuously for about five seconds. Even so, the F-22 can use this gun when the fight without being detected, which will be needed when the missile has been exhausted.

The ability of stealth

Western modern fighter aircraft of today have used the features that make them more difficult to detect on radar than previous aircraft, such as the use of radar absorbing material. In the F-22, besides the use of radar absorbing material, shape and form F-22 is also designed, and other details such as the hook on the plane and pilot helmets have also been made for more hidden. F-22 is also designed to emit infra-red which is more difficult to track missiles "heat seekers".

However, the F-22 does not depend on radar absorbing material such as the F-117 Nighthawk. The use of this material could not bear to bring up the problem because of bad weather. And unlike airplane bomber B-2 Spirit stealth that require special hangars, the F-22 can be given usual care in the hangar. In addition, the F-22 also has a system called "Signature Assessment System", which will indicate when the aircraft radar tracks already high, until eventually require repairs and maintenance.

Use of afterburner also make aircraft emissions more easily captured by the radar, it is estimated is the reason why the F-22 is focused to be able to have the ability supercruise.

Sources :

 

Boeing 787 Dreamliner Airplanes

Boeing 787, or Dreamliner, is a medium-size passenger planes that are still under development by Boeing Commercial Airplanes and scheduled to begin service in 2008. He will carry between 200-350 passengers depending on seating configuration, and will be more fuel efficient than previous models. And also he will become the first passenger aircraft to use composite materials in most construction.

Prior to January 28, 2005 787 known as the 7E7. On 26 April 2005 final draft 787 outward frozen.

This aircraft uses LED-based lighting to illuminate the interior. LED-based lamps are also used on the Airbus A350 series. Lamps of this type is expected to have been used in the design of future aircraft.

The aircraft also use the technology "smart glass" / "smart windows" that allow the display window to fade / go back to normal gently.

Aircraft Design

The aircraft is designed so that they are environmentally friendly. According to Boeing, this aircraft material made of carbon fiber is environmentally friendly. The aircraft is also fuel efficient, have traveled twice the distance Boeing 777. Lights are used by these aircraft is also very environmentally friendly.

Engine

This aircraft uses Rolls-Royce engines Trends 1000 and GEnx engines 2B-12 is innovative. The aircraft also has a radar Honneywell latest version that is designed to monitor the weather in front of the plane with a distance of 100,000 meters (100 km).


Launching

Airline in Japan, All Nippon Airways became the first airline users. ANA ordered 50 Boeing 787. Boeing has not been handed over to the ANA plane orders. In fact, the final assembly facility in Everett (Everett Boeing assembling), there are approximately 16 pieces Boeing 787 ready to ship. According to vice president of Boeing, the new planes will be delivered in 2011. This explosion in the engine-related events Rolls-Royce Trent 1000 to force Boeing to check the machines have been installed in the planes.


Variants

Boeing already has three 787 variants since launch in 2004. 787-8 is scheduled to enter service in 2011, while the 787-9 will be launched in 2013.


* 787-8

787-8 is a basic model of the 787 family, with a length of 57 meters (186 feet) and wingspan of 60 meters (197 feet) dam has a 14,200 mileage up to 15,200 kilometers (17,650 to 8200 nautical mile), depending on the number of seats. 787-8 has 210 passenger seats in three class configuration. This variant will be the first in the 787 family to enter service in 2011. Boeing 787-8 is targeted to replace the 767-200ER and 767-300ER, as well as expand into new non-stop market where larger aircraft would not be economical. Most of the 787 orders is to 787-8.

* 787-9

787-9 787 will be the first variant is drawn or "extended plane", the number of seats to reach 250-290 seats with 14,800 mileage up to 15,750 kilometers (8,000 to 8500 nautical mile). This variant differs from 787-8 in some respects, such as strengthening the structure, the extended plane, fuel capacity is bigger, has a maximum takeoff weight (MTOW, the Maximum Take Off Weight) is bigger, but have the same wingspan 787-8. Date for entry into service (EIS, Entry Into Service), originally planned in 2010, but later postponed to early 2013 in December 2008. Boeing aims to compete with the Airbus A330 and replace their own products, 767-400ER. Like the 787-8, will also open new non-stop routes, flying with more cargo and passengers are slightly more efficient than the 777-200ER and A340-300. Configuring the company has completed on July 1, 2010.

Other variants


787-3

This variant is designed to have 290 passenger seats in a two-class configuration and for lighting a short distance, with 4650 mileage up to 5650 kilometers (2,500 to 3050 nautical miles) with a fully charged condition. It was designed to replace the Airbus A300/A310 and Boeing 757-300/767-200 on regional routes from the airport gate with a limited distance. This will use the same aircraft with the 787-8, although in some parts of the aircraft to be strengthened. Wings derived from 787-8 with a mixture of winglet / tapering, replacing the usual form of the wing tip. This change will reduce the width of the wing about 7.6 meters (25 feet) that enables 787-3 to enter the domestic gate further, particularly in Japan. However, due to production and technical constraints that are experienced by Boeing 787, this variant was canceled in December 2010.

Sources : World Automotive Collection